butachlor herbicide for rice

Lowland rice describes crops where the fields are inundated for at least part of the time between establishment and harvest. [111] observed the evolutionary resistance of Echinochloa colonumduring the years 20052007 against bispyribac-sodium when applied to both susceptible and resistant biotypes of Echinochloa colonum. Among the three plant spacings (2010, 2515, 3020cm), the efficiency of weed control was the highest (62.03%) in 2010cm at 30days after transplanting (DAT), while the lowest (55.03%) at 60 DAT [17]. [59] studied three levels of plant spacings i.e., 1515, 2020, and 2525cm in interaction with number of seedlings per hill and found the highest grain yield from 1515cm. The most problematic and common weeds in rice especially in Asia are Cyperus iria, Cyperus maritimus, Echinochloa glabrescens, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus difformis, Paspalum distichum, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Marsilea minuta[7, 8, 9]. [113] investigated the physiological and anatomical differences between the susceptible and resistant biotypes of Echinochloa colonumand resulted that GR50 of resistant biotype was 10.2 times greater than susceptible biotype of Echinochloa colonumwhere bispyribac-sodium was applied. Chemical weed control is becoming priority for farmers due to mainly shortage of labor for hand weeding [77]. Moreover, number of panicle per plant and straw yield of rice increased significantly by raising planting density in rice [69]. In addition, the use of herbicides on a large scale has resulted serious ecological threats such as shifts in weed population and dominance of minor weeds [55]. This review comprehends the role of planting geometry and herbicide application as a viable tool for weed management in rice. and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) quickly establish formal in a very short duration especially where rice is produced by direct seeding [34]. 51.79 and 70.68% increase in weed dry biomass was observed for 1010cm and 3030 cm, respectively. Conventional tillage of one dry ploughing and two passes of cage wheel puddling combined with pre-emergence application of butachlor at 1.25 kg ha-1 under lowland situation. Weeds are one of the major biological threats to higher rice productivity worldwide. whilst 36.63% increase in paddy yield was observed in weed free treatment compared with weedy check. Out of the other factors, poor weed management is also responsible for reduction in rice yield depending on weed type and their infestation [5]. Pre- emergence application of pretilachor at 1.0 kg a.i. Threshold levels of Cyperus iriaand Echinochloa crus-galliwere estimated about 30 and 20 plants m2 in transplanted rice [40, 41]. Ploughing destroys weeds and remaining stubble from the previous crop. ha1 [64]. Integrated approaches for weed management, emphasizing on the combination of management practices and scientific knowledge, may reduce the economic costs and improve weed control owing to the complexity of the weed community. The use of herbicides gives effective control of weeds; hence care must be taken in the selection of herbicide that should be based on the target weed species in addition to their broader category of grass, sedge and broadleaf for planning of an effective weed control program for successful rice production [12]. Subscribe to our Newsletter. Use rotary weeder from 15 DAT at 10 days interval. You choose the topics of your interest and we'll send you handpicked news and latest updates based on your choice. By Lizete Stumpf, Otvio dos Anjos Leal, Eloy Antonio By Natalia Tereshchenko, Elena Akimova, Oksana Minaev By Juan Carlos lvarez-Hernndez, Luis Mario Tapia-Va HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM, Umair Ashraf, Saddam Hussain, Alam Sher, Muhammad Abrar, Imran Khan and Shakeel A. Anjum, Planting geometry: role in weed management and rice yield. Herbicides target different cellular strucures and functions and are very specific in their mechanism of action in plants. This article about an organic compound is a stub. The crop is grown in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Pouring concentrated butachlor directly into the water in the field is a promising application technique because the use of equipment can be eliminated, "Time and method of butachlor application in wet-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) [Philippines]"@eng, "Summary only (En). Plow and harrow various times before planting. [45] found weed control through herbicides as the best method followed by mechanical weeding without engine, three hand weeding and power mechanical weeding. Flooding to a depth of 10 cm prevents germination of most weed seeds and also kills the majority of weed seedlings. Various agronomic practices such as the use of tolerant cultivars, adjusting sowing time, tillage permutations and plant geometry may reduce the weed pressure in rice. Echinochloa colonaL., known as a Jungle rice, grows vigorously in direct seeded rice whilst predominantly found in both direct-seeded and transplanted rice [13, 35, 36]. Competitive abilities of weeds developed through natural selection make them more vigorous even under severe conditions. Application of both pre and post emergence herbicides at proper dose suppress weed flora effectively, however, the use of a single herbicide rarely gives an effective weed control in rice [78]. We need your support to keep delivering quality Agri Journalism and reach the farmers and people in every corner of rural India. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. 1984 Cambridge University Press Wet seeded rice refers to the use of pre-germinated seeds as a planting material. The yield of rice was found higher in widest plant spacing i.e., 2020cm than the narrow plant spacings i.e., 2015cm and 1010cm. The effect of both varied planting patterns and herbicides on weed dynamics in rice is presented in Figure1. El-Nady etal. Manual weeding is also important to remove the weeds closer to rice root zone. Chemical and manual weed control measures resulted in similar effect under puddled rice [46]. For example, up to 76% reduction in rice grown under puddle conditions is caused due to uncontrolled weeds [6]. ha1 reduced the density and biomass of weeds by up to 75 and 80%, respectively; hence, its application as a post emergence herbicide proved as a viable strategy of weed control in rice [99]. Moreover, in the upland rice field, Cynodon dactylonand Cyperus rotundusare also serious weeds of rice. [103] evaluated the efficacy of different post emergence herbicides viz. WC: weedy check; Bisp WP: Bispyribac sodium 20% WP at 39.50 g a.i. Manufacturers recommend higher doses of herbicides than the optimum dose which controls the weed population at satisfactory level [83]. Also, a level field helps retain a constant water level that controls weeds. The present chapter reveals the role of planting geometry and herbicides as weed management strategies in rice, and discusses the issue of herbicide resistance associated with chemical weed control. Shallow tillage is often ineffective in controlling weeds and, regardless of tillage practice, post-emergence weed control is normally necessary. Further, weed control through anilophos at 0.4 kh ha. Rice is considered as the most important food crop in developing countries and the crucial source of employment in rural areas. As such, it focuses on fundamental research directly related to all aspects of weed science. Weed control efficiency at reduced dose of herbicide tend to be lower than recommended doses, although in many cases it may be 60100% and acceptable commercially [82]. PE butachlor 0.75 kg per hectare + bensulfuron methyl 50 g ha-1 on 3 DAT must followed by mechanical weeding on 45 DAT is effective for broad spectrum weed control. By manipulating the different weed management strategies, the competitive ability of crop over weeds for above and below ground resources can be enhanced [20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. Similarly, Kawana [90] indicated that weeds such as L. chinensisand I. rugosumcan were effectively controlled using cyhalofop-butyl and bispyribac-sodium, respectively. ha1; Penox: Penoxulam 240 EC at 15 g a.i. Rice grown in 30cm row spacing has 3235% greater weed biomass and 3850% less yield as compared with 15cm. Readers like you are an inspiration for us to move Agri Journalism forward. Both yield and yield components of rice are affected by plant spacings as well as planting density [56]. Riar etal. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. [37] observed that dominance of weed species vary significantly with weed control and different crop establishment methods and reported that E. crus-galliand E. colonaare the most problematic weeds found in rice. Saini etal. Penoxsulam (15g a.i. The doses of registered herbicides under changing weed composition and density as well as different growth stages may be overestimated to get maximum weed control [82]. Singh etal. ha-1 to be followed by Post emergence (POE) 2,4-D 1 kg a.i. Every contribution is valuable for our future. Control of weeds during land preparation is important to reduce the amount of weed pressure in the field. It is the most effective method of cultural control of weeds in rice. In general, different herbicide mixtures can be used for better weed control in rice. *Address all correspondence to: umairashraf2056@gmail.com. [38, 39] reported a reduction of 1298% in rice yield due to weed infestation. Similarly, pyrazosulfuron ethyl, penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium at 30, 15, 30g a.i. [73]. Generally, weeds can be controlled through herbicides; nevertheless, chemical weed control is not a sustainable option on a long term. Generally, flooding is used in conjunction with other control measures, like herbicides or hand weeding. There are, however, only 29 major mechanisms of herbicide action, including a group of herbicides for which the MOA is unknown [76]. ha1) as pre-emergence in rice [110]. Weed Science Furthermore, narrow plant spacing in rice significantly reduced weed pressure and weed dry biomass [60]. During early growth stages weeds compete with crop plants vigorously than later growth stages and ultimately cause substantial reduction in growth and yield [29]. It must be noted that, if pre-emergence herbicide application is not done, hand weeding has to be done on 15th DAT. The findings of this work showed that the weed control was higher for ethoxy sulfuron with bispyribac-sodium combination than all other combinations. Further studies using four row spacings (1025, 1525, 2025, and 2525cm) resulted in significant improvements in rice yield and related components from 1525cm spacing with two seedlings per hill with four levels of seedlings per hill were assessed by Alam etal. [114] tested cyhalofop-butyl, quinclorac and propanil against 10 populations of Echinochloa crus-galliwhich were collected from rice field. [13] suggested various herbicides packages like penoxsulam, bensulfuron, carfentrazone, molinate, bentazone, clomazone, pyrazosulfuron, fenoxaprop, propanil, bispyribac-sodium and cyhalofop-butyl control weeds in rice. Application of herbicide mixtures proved better regarding weed control than single herbicide application at critical weed competition periods [102]. [75] concluded that 2010cm spacing with the application of anilofos+2, 4-DEE (ready mix) 0.40+0.53kgha1 supplemented with 2, 4-D sodium salt 1kgha1 provided the maximum grain yield and minimum weed competition. Hence, it is necessary to adjust suitable plant spacing and plant population as a weed management tool and to get better economic returns. While using soil mix for nursery beds, you must make sure the soil is clean and free of weed seeds. The adoption of suitable management strategies on herbicide is also important. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. Rice spacing determines rice-weed competition and can play a decisive role to minimize weed pressure. No doubt, manual weed control is efficient method to control weeds but difficult to apply due to scarcity and rising wages of labor and its dependence on the prevailing weather conditions [13]. A competition study of C. iriain transplanted rice showed that 30days competition caused 12.9% while a 40day competition caused 43.5% yield loss in rice [42]. Further, weed interference, its competitive ability and population dynamics changes with weed species composition which further affected by human efforts to control them. A herbicide selects plants with natural genetic resistance to that MOA. Weed control through herbicides is effective but total dependence on chemical weed control with extensive use of hazardous farm chemicals has necessitated the new approaches to tackle the weeds problems [54]. In most crops, narrower row spacing can increase the competitiveness of a crop [48] whilst reduced crop spacing has also been found to favor the crop development at the expense of weeds. PE butachlor 0.75 kg a.i. Pendimethalin-followed by- bispyribac-sodium + azimsulfuron. 20 and 25cm where the highest grain yield was recorded at 2515cm and the lowest at 202.5cm spacing. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. To control weeds more effectively and to minimize the complete reliance on herbicides, adoption of cultural approaches in integrated pest management by farmers has been increasing [14]. Bars above means represent S.E. ethoxy sulfuron, cyhalofop-butyl, chlorimuron, metsulfuron, bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam controlled different types of weeds effectively in dry seeded rice [37, 106, 107]. Not only the weeds pressure, but also the sub-optimal plant population also favors weeds to grow profusely which can be managed by spatial arrangement of crops [4]. [93] studied the efficacy of tank mixed pre- and post-emergence herbicides on weed control in rice. 3 per kg, RS Sodhi Elected as President of Indian Dairy Association, PM Kisan Yojana Update: Government Begins Scrutiny of Farmers Land Records, Transform Rural India to Begin Weeklong India Rural Colloquy on 1 August, Organic Certification Standards in India Under Scrutiny as APEDA Penalizes Three More Agencies, Rajesh Oza, a 12th Dropout is Supporting Tribal Women Through a Unique Jamun-based Social Enterprise Model, The Need and Importance of Weed Management Ways to Control It. Bozorgi etal. The use of herbicides to control weeds is just in the introductory stage in most of the developing and under developed countries and farmers of these regions also behave rationally in herbicide usage. In addition, vigorous growth and better yield of rice was harvested from the spacing of 22.522.5cm2 compared to that of 2020cm2 and 2525cm2 [74]. Rice yield was 1115% higher and 0.19 more B:C ratio (net monetary return) than weedy control, All the herbicides reduced more than 80% weed density and 7487%. Weed interference and species composition of an area are affected by various environmental and biological factors like soil type, soil moisture, pH, light intensity, temperature, precipitation patterns, crop type, crop competitiveness, crop-weed interference and other flora and fauna of that area. Hence, the importance of herbicides cannot be ignored as it is the most effective, time saving and reliable weed control technology available today [79]. [3] It is used as a selective pre-emergent herbicide. They further reported that maximum paddy yield and net benefits were obtained where bispyribac-sodium was applied followed by ethoxysulfuron while the lowest were recorded from weedy check. It requires lot of time and labor as well whilst herbicides offer easy, economical and quick control of weeds if applied in proper dose and at a proper stage of the crop [15]. Grain yield was remained lower up to 25% in narrowest plant spacing than widest spacing. On the other hand, post emergence application of penoxsulam effectively controlled barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) but was inefficient in controlling broadleaf weeds. Bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam at 25gha1 controlled weeds effectively in rice [107]. Chauhan etal. The performance of rice established under different planting geometries was investigated by Ashraf etal. Weeds under adverse conditions negatively affect plant growth cycle, plant developmental pattern, leaf architecture, tillering ability, as well as yield and yield attributes of rice [4]. Weeds being the most serious pests in agriculture have the ability to compete with the crop for available resources through rapid growth and development. Under weed free conditions, yield was 29% higher in the plot with 10cm row spacing than 20cm whereas grain yield 8788% higher than uncontrolled weedy plots. Resistance of weeds to various herbicides is a well-known phenomenon but not as much focused as resistance to insecticides or fungicides [111]. Use Butachlor 1.25kg/ha or Anilophos 0.4kg/ha as pre-emergence application. Fields must be well levelled to ensure an even depth of water. Chemical weed control has an edge over cultural weed control as it is quick, cost effective and saves labor, time and money. The use of bispyribac-sodium at 30g a.i. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. An effective and feasible weed management program is essential to overcome various types of weeds throughout the growing period of crop as manual control of weeds is not a quick method. Azmi etal. By Lizete Stumpf, Otvio dos Anjos Leal, Eloy Antonio Pauletto and Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto. In this case, not only the germination rate of the two dominant weeds i.e., jungle rice and purple nut sedge were significantly reduced but also the germination and root-shoot growth of rice were negatively affected. [108] reported that bispyribac-sodium and ethoxy sulfuron were efficient with 90 and 87% weed control efficiency, respectively in rice. Time and method of butachlor application in wet-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) [Philippines], Two experiments were conducted to evaluate different techniques on the performance of butachlor. Herbicide resistant weeds occur in both herbicide-resistant crops and conventional crops in response to selection pressure from a specific herbicide. Weed control in rice crop is always remaining a difficult task for successful crop production as their presence causes severe reduction in yield and quality of crops thus increasing the cost of production. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Those plants survive and reproduce, and if selection by the herbicide continues for several generations, the population of the resistant weed biotype increases until there is a noticeable population of weeds that herbicide will no longer control that biotype. There are about 50 weed species found in rice field causing severe losses in productivity all over the world [33]. Weeds are one of the major biological threats to higher rice productivity worldwide. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Here we will explain the role of planting geometry and herbicides as weed management strategies in rice and different methods to control weeds in rice. In the tropics, it is largely grown on small family farms that are usually less than 4 ha, and in Asia. Though generally, weeds can be controlled through herbicide. Rahman etal. Integrated approaches for weed management, emphasizing on the combination of management practices and scientific knowledge, may also reduce the economic costs and improve weed control owing to the complexity of the weed community. Moreover, the total weed density was significantly reduced using bispyribac-sodium and cyhalofop butyl herbicides although the former caused a slight recoverable injury to the rice plant [98]. Highest yield attributes and grain yield 62.8% (q ha, In herbicide treated plots grain yield was 7588% and 8193% better weed control as compared to other treatments, In herbicide treated plots 2741% higher grain yield was obtained as compared to control providing 7593% weed control, Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Faisalabad-Campus, Pakistan, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Pakistan, Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, China, Department of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agriculture University, China, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China. Subscribe to our print & digital magazines now. Then, apply a thin film of water and allow it to disappear. Tari etal. However, rice grown on seasonally deep flooded areas, "deep water or floating rice", is crucial in several areas in West Africa and Asia, often along the courses of major rivers. [72] evaluated the effect of five hill to hill spacings viz. Crop safety, weed control, and yield were not affected by application method when the herbicide was applied 3 days before seeding compared to 6 days after seeding. Further, Pacanoski and Glatkova [89] reported that herbicides i.e., propanil + bentazon, mefenacet + bensulfuron-methyl, penoxsulam, and azimsulfuron + adjuvant controlled Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa crus-gallieffectively in rice. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. They concluded from the ED50 values from the doseresponse experiment that resistant biotypes were 4, 10 and 17 times resistant to propanil, quinclorac and cyhalofop-butyl, respectively. [58], the yield of rice was much higher where nursery was transplanted in lines as compared to randomly transplanting. They can be classified in numerous ways viz;by crop (e.g., a soybean herbicide), by their application timing (e.g., pre- or post- emergence to the crop or weeds), by their chemical family (e.g., sulfonylureas, dinitroanilines), by their path of mobility in the plant (e.g., translocation by phloem, xylem, or both), and by their mode of action (MOA) (e.g., photosystem II inhibitors, ALS inhibitors). Butachlor 2.0 l per hectare (or) Pendimethalin 2.5 l per hectare (or) Anilophos 1.25 l per hectare. Select the purchase Hence, in the future, researchers need to develop integrated weed management strategies along with effective herbicides which do not only favor crop yield and reduce weed infestation but also discourage the resistance of weed flora to herbicides. The University of the Philippines (UP) is the countrys national university. Apply any one of the pre-emergence herbicides like, Pretilachlor + safener 0.3kg per hectare, on 3rd or 4th day after sowing to control weeds in the lowland nursery. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Hussain etal. Simply, plants that compete and interfere with the desirable crop plants and compete with its growth and development are known as weeds [25]. Submitted: March 2nd, 2018 Reviewed: June 18th, 2018 Published: November 5th, 2018, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. Herbicide class and its mode of action as defined by Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC;http://www.hracglobal.com). Herbicides must be applied on 8 DAS with thin layer of water in the field. option. [67] estimated the impacts of three plant spacings (1515, 1520, 2020cm) on yield and yield components of rice and observed maximum plant height, total number of tillers, leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter accumulation from 1515cm which provided 8.97% higher yield than the 2020cm spacing. Depending on weed population, three or more operations may be done. It will save labour for weeding, aerates the soil and root zone, prolongs the root activity, and will also improve the grain filling by efficient translocation and ultimately the grain yield. Application of pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam reduced weed density up to 80% in rice [91], whereas application of cyhalofop-butyl at 80gha1 effectively controlled Echinochloa colona[96]. Weed dry biomass was 56.92% less in treatment having machete (butachlor) application over weedy check. Among all treatments, 79.53% weed control was obtained by application of pretichlor at 30 DAT. [16] studied four rice sowing methods and concluded that the highest grain yield (3.06tha1) was obtained from 2020cm spacing while the lowest of 2.52tha1 from direct seeding by broadcasting the seeds in the standing water. Weed control is the method of growing the weed population and development to a degree that does not cause economic. [18] reported that in too dense populated rice fields, inter- specific competition starts which may cause lodging and gradual shading and results in yield penalty. Planting density in rice strongly influences the growth and development due to its inter-specific competition which affects grain yield [16]. There are diverse weed communities and types in rice fields. Results of this study also indicate that yield losses from weed competition resulted primarily from early season competition, and that the principal advantage of the residual herbicides in dry-seeded rice may be to eliminate the need for retreatment with propanil when flooding is delayed or fields are drained. Hence, the use of a single herbicide cannot give satisfactory and cost-effective results of weed control. Rising wages of labor and their non-availability at peak time discourage hand weeding and make it necessary to use alternative methods of weed control including herbicides [13, 33, 78]. Adoption of 2010cm spacing and pre emergence application of anilofos 2, 4-D at 6 days after transplanted supplemented with 2, 4-D Na salt at 20 days after transplanted generally enhanced rice yield from 58.13 to 70.41%. Weedicides can suppress weeds effectively and may provide a weed free environment if applied at proper stage and time [80]. 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