research paper on emotional intelligence pdf

Use of emotional quotient inventory in medical education. <> Jaeger studied the effects of emotional intelligence instruction on academic performance among a convenience sample of 150 students in 5 sections of a general management graduate-level course in the northeastern United States.24 Additional data regarding the demographics of the study cohort was not provided by the authors. The .gov means its official. Wagner et al investigated the relationship between patient satisfaction and physicians' emotional intelligence scores as assessed using the Bar-On EQi instrument.33 Fourteen family medicine faculty members and 16 family medicine residents at a southern US medical school completed the Bar-On EQi. Each participant completed the Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS). Transitions part 1: beyond pharmaceutical care. Elam et al sought to gather information related to emotional intelligence from entering medical students at the University of Kentucky (UK) College of Medicine.31 Two existing scales, the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS) and the Davis' Interpersonal Reactivity Index (DIRI), were used to measure emotional intelligence. No studies have examined the concept of emotional intelligence within the framework of pharmacy or pharmacy education. Correlational analysis demonstrated that emotional intelligence scale scores were inversely related to PSS-10 scores. Chisholm MA, Cobb HH, Kotzan JA. Most instruments designed to measure emotional intelligence are either self-report scales or performance-based evaluations involving the completion of observed problem sets.19,22 Performance-based assessments may provide better reliability since they assess demonstrated ability-based skills rather than self-reports; however, they are generally more costly and time consuming to perform. The mean population norms for the PSS-10 scale is 13.0. Nia%Y>F :>|X%}8duL _Afue!F=>v$,.I6 B`L_XZ\}?>d"rFMcfq(hk!E^CIjy|?-mCf!L_S1IXL3RS4&"I(8FL1BdS:h)A#\s>w!|kdBk=L! A In an effort to identify valid measurements that could be applied within a health professions framework, some researchers have developed and piloted emotional intelligence assessment instruments. Faculty members shared and reflected upon their scores and students were encouraged to do the same. 68 0 obj <> endobj Additionally, the dynamic nature of the pharmacy profession, which in recent years has undergone both educational and professional paradigm shifts, may be best served by students and practitioners who can manage emotions, adapt to change, and manipulate stressful environments and situations. Researchers found that overall emotional intelligence contributed to individual cognitive-based performance over and above the level attributable to general intelligence, and this relationship was positive (p < 0.01). 8600 Rockville Pike 105 0 obj <>stream The remaining 4 sections of the course did not have any formal or informal discussion of emotional intelligence. Accessibility Mayer JD, Salovey P. The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Recommendations for future research and research potential are discussed. Two hundred and thirteen respondents completed the survey instrument for a response rate of 70%. All health care professions are rooted in a need to establish therapeutic relationships with patients. Learn more Additionally, students' emotional intelligence scores at admission will be compared to results from standardized patients' assessments of medical interviewing and interaction. Teaching effectiveness was also controlled for by using mean scores from teaching evaluations submitted by students at the conclusion of the semester. Using a cross-sectional survey design, Pau et al investigated the relationship between emotional intelligence and perceived stress among a cohort of dental undergraduates.34 Emotional intelligence was assessed using a validated instrument developed by Schuette et al, while perceived stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scales (PSS-10).35 T tests were used to compare mean scores. lb2;&ba Final project grades were selected as the dependent measure since in the intervention group these grades would reflect only learning that occurred following the emotional intelligence instruction. $} No single test is considered to be a gold standard for assessment. Latiff DA. Additional health science and non-health science research papers were then identified using references listed by primary authors of these studies. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Some information can be garnered from educational research conducted by colleagues in medical and dental fields. Researchers found that overall emotional intelligence scores were higher among women than men (189.2 vs.176.5). Within these relationships, the professional must respond to both the technical aspects of disease as well as associated emotional aspects. New forms of intelligence should also meet prescribed correlational criteria. Hardigan PC, Lai LL, Arneson D, Robeson A. endstream endobj startxref Lam et al investigated the notion that advanced emotional intelligence was correlated with greater individual performance, often above and beyond that associated with one's level of general intelligence.23 Researchers examined a cohort of 304 undergraduate students (152 men and 152 women) at a University in the western United States. Many corporations have examined and to some extent used emotional intelligence as a measure of these intangible characteristics, which some speculate are better predictors of educational and occupational performance.12,13 Many proponents claim that emotional intelligence may be a distinguishing characteristic of great leaders.12 Recognizing that aspects of emotional intelligence are central to the provision of care, several health professions have experimented with strategies aimed at measuring and/or modifying emotional intelligence. The TMMS is designed to assess individual differences in abilities to recognize, discriminate, and regulate moods and emotions, while the DIRI is a measure of empathy. Forty-eight percent of respondents were male and the mean age of the total sample was 21.3 years. ? ~S31Hv|OSXb]#?dM9'qYs.D^1+49l!T]eQ%XULh9(LVV%D9)9>faAwo_ n6: YJOV]77X%,Z9Rzl* laQYUeI}$]KGbu$At/[vzXPR[(T{JXAJ0p%In?m? 9`k?_:V_P'/".i'`M'R'q |OWB nKNlKu"rAD>:l5jJTo -{p:^#wslZ3RWG\q`K~ p`z\#,uj|481G*DXo0"dR@2n0`.Ij5oN)ayuD?qC`n`G~|O~Q \QigQO'M0V"~3 x2pw[6JQ ;|H>o-~??C~H`P;XuP[4vD _v=0. FOIA As part of the Essentials of Clinical Medicine Course at the Medical College of Georgia, Wagner et al developed a module intended to increase medical students' understanding of emotional and interactional skills and to improve emotional intelligence.30 Students and faculty members who enrolled in the course completed the Bar-On E-Qi and subsequently participated in a lecture series on emotional intelligence. In 1 of the 5 sections (intervention group, n = 31), formal instruction regarding emotional intelligence was incorporated into the curriculum. The capacity to develop this kind of a relationship (ie, patient-pharmacist) may be facilitated by one's emotional intelligence.25,28-29 If this theory holds true and with various managed care and other environmental constraints being placed upon practitioners from all health fields, it may become critical for students in the health professions to have emotional intelligence to provide high-quality patient care. Thomas MC, Draugalis JR. Utility of pharmacy college admissions test (PCAT): implications for admissions committees. No studies involving emotional intelligence have been reported among cohorts of pharmacy students or pharmacists. Several researchers have examined various aspects of emotional intelligence and how the concept may relate to the health professions.30-35 These studies have taken multiple approaches with regard to the aspects of emotional intelligence examined as well as methods by which emotional intelligence is measured. Allen DD, Bond CA. &r *o$Xb7n^hnM2 9*YnT- f8.MLWF)~ aGSu0|5I;,c}LXrg^7T=E? Identifying and teaching Generation X pharmacy students. Carrothers et al developed and piloted a trial of an emotional intelligence assessment instrument intended for applicants at 3 consortium medical schools.32 Researchers developed a 34-item semantic differential instrument that was intended to measure emotional intelligence constructs. ;4OG J.k4A\WBP]; Is emotional intelligence an advantage? Factor analysis of social and abstract intelligence. stream will also be available for a limited time. Mean emotional intelligence and perceived stress scores were 117.5 (SD = 14.9) and 17.7 (SD = 6.5), respectively. Some historical and scientific issues related to research on emotional intelligence. %%EOF Outcomes might be defined in one of several ways, including but not limited to patient satisfaction. Strong validity data may be lacking in part due to the varied definitions of the concept of emotional intelligence itself.20-22 Without a stringent definition of emotional intelligence, each instrument may be measuring slightly different constructs. Mean emotional intelligence scores of the women were significantly higher than those of the men (p < 0.05). All assessment instruments may be hindered by the loosely defined nature of emotional intelligence which makes concrete criteria for measurements difficult to define. The majority of studies have involved medical and dental students. Emotional intelligence (EI) most commonly incorporates concepts of emotional expression and regulation, self-awareness, and empathy. Alternatively, this perceived change in the profile of pharmacy students may be a result of an amalgam of causes, including cultural and/or societal changes that produce a different type of student.9,10 Today's students may be more concerned with the technical aspects of various professions and more emotionally immature compared to previous generations of learners.9,10 Regardless of the etiology of the changing profile of students, most colleges and schools are struggling to admit the most qualified applicants. Since research in this area as it applies to education is limited, all identified studies were included in this review and the limitations identified. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted hb```f````e`Y ,@Q @V(una``jlhs:$5AE+D~AND8+&j qZ "1[ B(& 0AD` Gvh20_a@,y 'i{a l894x8(6T; } |X1(@ 7p and transmitted securely. Hammer DP, Berger BA, Beardsley RS, Easton MR. Student professionalism. Before Traditional markers of ability and success, such as grade point average (GPA) and standardized test scores, have varying degrees of predictive value.1-5 Some institutions employ additional methods to select candidates for admission including but not limited to writing samples, personality inventories, on-site individual interviews, and group interviews.3,6 Colleges and schools of pharmacy are increasingly scrutinizing their student admissions processes for several reasons. Nevertheless, several instruments are available and researchers should recognize the limitations of both self-report and performance-based measures and the specific instrument from either category that is selected for use. Additionally, research examining emotional intelligence should attempt to exclude as many confounders as possible. Four sets of coping strategies adopted at varying degrees of emotional intelligence were identified. Carrothers RM, Gregory SW, Gallagher TJ. An official website of the United States government. National Library of Medicine Ability-based assessments generally involve hands-on problem sets and require greater resource commitments in terms of cost and time; however, they are considered by most to be more accurate than self-report.22 All of these instruments have been criticized for deficiencies in validity. Both instruments were administered to the 2000 entering class of the UK College of Medicine (n = 101), with a participation rate of 90%. The concept of EI has roots in discussions that began as early as the late 1930s, when researchers began describing a non-intellective intelligence sometimes described as social intelligence.14 EI itself was first defined in the early 1990s by Salvoy and Meyers as a type of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions.15 Salvoy and Meyers expanded their definition to include the verbal and non-verbal appraisal and expression of emotion, the regulation of emotion in the self and others, and the utilization of emotional content in problem-solving. Conversely, general intelligence has been defined as a person's overall capacity for adaptation through effective cognition and information processing.16 In simpler terms, emotional intelligence might be defined as the set of skills people use to read, understand, and react effectively to emotional signals sent by others and oneself.15 These are skills such as empathy, problem-solving, optimism, and self-awareness which allow people to reflect, react to, and understand various environmental situations. Physicians were separated into 2 groups: those with 100% patient-reported relationship satisfaction (n = 11) and those with less than 100% satisfaction (n = 19). Several potential implications regarding emotional intelligence exist for all health professions including pharmacy. Summary of Emotional Intelligence Research Trials. The concept has been criticized by some for its loose definition and parallels to personality traits. This study was limited by its small sample size and the qualitative nature of the data and analysis. Received 2005 Aug 4; Accepted 2005 Oct 6. emotional intelligence, general intelligence, academic success, performance. Additionally, several limitations to the instruments used to measure emotional intelligence have been identified. Given the current external environment of the profession, which includes pressures to increase student enrollment, the advent of several new colleges and schools of pharmacy, and a professional recommitment to patient-centered practice, the prospect of using emotional intelligence measures as a predictor of success or capacity to provide care is attractive. Lastly, some investigators have examined relationships between emotional intelligence and the capacity to cope with stress. The study authors concluded that future research was needed to establish whether modalities aimed at enhancing emotional intelligence in dental students would result in better stress coping skills. Griffenhagen GB, Brushwood D, Parascandola J, Schondelmeyer S. Trends and events in American pharmacy, 1852-2002. +Tv~S 9N3d7G6EeY_;q",q\ZGL=tt0vK1Br"Mu9.e|m 02:w%C60>1'fMx\N6zu/*'59zqMSC_uTh:|l7\gf64@=B^ m_vK>Ip2 \oHRXQ a\(xgv&}?? When correlating relationship satisfaction scores and Bar-On EQi scores, researchers found that only one EQi subscale (that of the physician's level of happiness) had a weak correlation with patients' higher satisfaction. A demographic questionnaire was also completed by each subject. This criticism extends to the instruments used to measure and assess emotional intelligence.22 Various instruments exist and are either self-report (ie, Bar-On EQ-I), ability-based (Multi-Factor Emotional Intelligence Scale [MEIS]), or a combination of these types.

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